Jinsi ya Kuondoa Programu kwenye Ubuntu: Mwongozo Kamili wa apt, purge, autoremove, dpkg, snap, na rm

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1. Utangulizi

Unapotumia Ubuntu, hakika kutakuja wakati utakahitaji kuondoa programu au pakiti zisizo za lazima. Hii ni kweli hasa unapenda kuweka mfumo wako kuwa mwepesi au kusafisha zana zilizowekwa tu kwa madhumuni ya majaribio. Katika hali kama hizi, kuelewa jinsi ya kutumia amri za kuondoa ipasavyo ni muhimu.

Ubuntu ni usambazaji wa Linux unaotokana na Debian, na usimamizi wa pakiti unashughulikiwa hasa na APT (Advanced Package Tool). Ingawa operesheni za mstari wa amri zinaweza kuonekana ngumu mwanzoni, ukijifunza misingi, unaweza kusimamia programu kwa ufanisi mkubwa.

Makala hii inaelezea mbinu za kawaida za kuondoa kwenye Ubuntu kwa kutumia amri nyingi. Tutashughulikia apt remove na apt purge, pamoja na dpkg, snap, na hata kufuta faili moja kwa moja kwa kutumia rm -rf. Kila njia imeelezwa kwa umakini ili hata wanaoanza na Linux waweze kufuata kwa kujiamini.

Kuondoa programu kupitia mstari wa amri pia kunakuja na tahadhari muhimu. Kuondoa pakiti zinazohusiana na mfumo kwa bahati mbaya kunaweza kusababisha hitilafu au kuhitaji usakinishaji upya kamili. Ili kuepuka hatari hizo, hakikisha unafuata mbinu salama na bora za kuondoa zilizowasilishwa katika mwongozo huu.

Katika sehemu inayofuata, tutaanza na amri za msingi za kuondoa zinazotumika zaidi: apt remove na apt purge.

2. Amri za Kuondoa Msingi

Njia ya kawaida zaidi ya kuondoa programu kwenye Ubuntu ni kwa kutumia APT (Advanced Package Tool). Hapa tunatambua amri mbili kuu: apt remove na apt purge. Ingawa zote mbili hutumika kuondoa programu, malengo na athari zao hutofautiana.

apt remove: Ondoa Pakiti Pekee

Amri ya apt remove inaondoa pakiti iliyoainishwa yenyewe. Hata hivyo, faili za usanidi zinahifadhiwa, ambayo ina maana kwamba mipangilio ya awali inaweza kubaki ikiwa utaweka upya pakiti baadaye.

Mfano wa matumizi:

sudo apt remove package-name

Mfano:

sudo apt remove gimp

Katika mfano huu, programu ya kuhariri picha GIMP inaondolewa, lakini faili zake za usanidi zinaendelea kuwepo kwenye mfumo.

apt purge: Ondoa Kabisa Ikijumuisha Faili za Usanidi

Kwa upande mwingine, amri ya apt purge inaondoa pakiti yenyewe pamoja na faili zote za usanidi zinazohusiana. Hii inapendekezwa ikiwa unataka kuweka upya programu katika hali kabisa safi au kudumisha mfumo ulio safi.

Mfano wa matumizi:

sudo apt purge package-name

Mfano:

sudo apt purge gimp

Amri hii inaondoa GIMP pamoja na faili zake zote za usanidi, ikiacha karibu hakuna alama yoyote kwenye mfumo.

Kuchagua Kati ya remove na purge

• Tumia apt remove ikiwa unataka kuondoa programu kwa muda tu
• Tumia apt purge ikiwa unataka kufuta kabisa alama zote na kuepuka kutumia mipangilio ya zamani

Kuchagua amri sahihi kulingana na hali husaidia kuweka mfumo wako kuwa uliopangwa na kuzuia matatizo yanayoweza kutokea.

3. Kusafisha Mategemeo

Baada ya kuondoa programu kwenye Ubuntu, pakiti za utegemezi ambazo ziliwekwa pamoja na programu zinaweza kubaki kwenye mfumo. Mategemezi yasiyo ya lazima haya yanaweza kuchukua nafasi ya diski na kuchanganya mazingira yako.

Hapa ndipo amri ya apt autoremove inakuwa na manufaa. Inagundua kiotomatiki na kuondoa pakiti ambazo hazihitajiki tena.

apt autoremove: Ondoa Kiotomatiki Pakiti Zisizotumika

apt autoremove inaondoa pakiti ambazo ziliwekwa kama utegemezi lakini hazihitajiki tena. Kwa mfano, unapofuta programu, maktaba zake zinazohusiana huenda hazitumiki tena. Badala ya kutafuta kwa mikono, autoremove inazisafisha katika hatua moja.

Mfano wa matumizi:

sudo apt autoremove

Unapoendesha amri hii, Ubuntu inaorodhesha pakiti ambazo hazihitajiki tena na kuziondoa baada ya uthibitisho, kupunguza hatari ya kufuta vipengele muhimu.

Lini Kuifanyia na Tahadhari

• Kwa hakika, endesha apt autoremove mara moja baada ya apt remove au apt purge .
• Kwa sababu kuondoa kunategemea utambuzi wa kiotomatiki, daima angalia orodha ya vifurushi kabla ya kuendelea.

Fanya Iwe Tabia

Ili kuweka Ubuntu safi, inashauriwa kuendesha sudo apt autoremove mara kwa mara. Hii ni bora hasa katika mazingira ya maendeleo ambapo programu huwekwa mara kwa mara na kuondolewa.

4. Kuondoa Programu Kutumia Zana Zingine za Kudhibiti Vifurushi

Ubuntu hutumia mifumo mingi ya kudhibiti vifurushi pamoja na APT, kama vile dpkg na snap. Programu iliyowekwa kutumia zana hizi haiwezi kuondolewa na apt, kwa hivyo lazima utumie njia sahihi ya kuondoa kwa kila mfumo.

Sehemu hii inaeleza jinsi ya kuondoa programu kutumia kila moja ya zana hizi.

Kuondoa Kutumia dpkg

dpkg ni meneja wa vifurushi wa kiwango cha chini kwa vifurushi vya Debian (.deb). Programu iliyowekwa kwa mikono kupitia faili za .deb inaweza kuondolewa kutumia dpkg -r au dpkg --remove.

Mfano wa Matumizi:

sudo dpkg -r package-name

Mfano:

sudo dpkg -r google-chrome-stable

Amri hii inaondoa kifurushi yenyewe, lakini faili za usanidi zinaweza kubaki.

Maelezo:

• dpkg haishughulikii utegemezi, kwa hivyo tumia apt autoremove baadaye ikiwa inahitajika.
• Unaweza kuangalia majina ya vifurushi kutumia dpkg -l .

Kuondoa Vifurushi vya Snap

Matoleo ya hivi karibuni ya Ubuntu yanazidisha kusambaza programu kupitia vifurushi vya Snap. Kwa sababu Snap hutumia mfumo tofauti wa udhibiti, lazima utumie amri ya snap remove ili kuziondoa.

Mfano wa Matumizi:

sudo snap remove package-name

Mfano:

sudo snap remove firefox

Hii inaondoa Firefox iliyowekwa kupitia Snap.

Angalia vifurushi vya Snap vilivyowekwa:

snap list

Kidokezo cha Ziada: Kuachilia Nafasi ya Disiki Baada ya Kuondoa Snap
Marekebisho ya zamani ya Snap yanaweza kubaki na kutumia nafasi ya diski. Unaweza kupunguza idadi ya matoleo yaliyobaki kwa amri ifuatayo:

sudo snap set system refresh.retain=2

Hii inahakikisha kuwa matoleo mawili tu ya hivi karibuni ya Snap yanahifadhiwa.

5. Kufuta Majukwaa na Faili

Pamoja na kuondoa vifurushi vya programu, kuna hali ambapo unaweza kutaka kufuta kwa mikono faili au majukwaa yasiyo ya lazima, kama vile faili za usanidi zilizobaki, majukwaa ya muda, au data ya kache.

Sehemu hii inaeleza jinsi ya kutumia amri ya rm na tahadhari zake.

Kufuta Faili: Matumizi ya Msingi ya rm

Amri ya rm inamaanish “remove” na ni amri ya msingi ya kufuta faili. Ni yenye nguvu, lakini matumizi mabaya yanaweza kusababisha kupotea kwa data.

Mfano wa Matumizi:

rm filename

Mfano:

rm test.txt

Hii inafuta faili ya test.txt katika saraka ya sasa.

Kufuta Majukwaa: Kutumia Chaguo la -r

Ili kufuta majukwaa, lazima utumie chaguo la -r (au --recursive).

Mfano wa Matumizi:

rm -r directory-name

Mfano:

rm -r old_logs

Hii inaondoa saraka ya old_logs na yaliyomo yote.

Hatari ya rm -rf

rm -rf ni hatari hasa kwa wanaoanza.

• -r : Kufuta majukwaa kwa kurudia
• -f : Kufuta kwa kulazimisha bila uthibitisho

Mfano wa Matumizi:

sudo rm -rf /home/username/tmp/

Hii inafuta saraka na yaliyomo yake kwa kulazimisha bila uthibitisho. Kutaja njia isiyo sahihi inaweza kuharibu mfumo mzima.

Mfano uliozuiliwa kabisa:

sudo rm -rf /

Amri hii inafuta saraka ya mzizi na haipaswi kutekelezwa kamwe.

Hatua za Usalama Wakati wa Kufuta Faili

1. Angalia yaliyomo kabla ya kufuta:

   ls directory-name
   

2. Tumia trash-cli badala ya kufuta kudumu (inapendekezwa kwa wanaoanza):

   sudo apt install trash-cli
   trash-put filename
   

Hii inahamisha faili kwenye ruba, ikiruhusu kurejesha baadaye.

6. Tahadhari na Mazoea Bora

Uninstalling software on Ubuntu is powerful and convenient, but it also requires careful operation. For beginners especially, incorrect commands can quickly lead to serious system issues.

This section summarizes key precautions and best practices.

Back Up Before Uninstalling

Even if you are sure the target is unnecessary, creating a backup just in case is important. Configuration files, databases, and documents may not be recoverable once deleted.

Backup methods include:

• Copying files to another directory using cp
• Saving to external storage or cloud services
• Using rsync for synchronized backups

Be Careful with sudo

sudo executes commands with administrative privileges, so mistakes can have severe consequences—especially when combined with commands like rm -rf.

Best practices:

• Review the entire command before pressing Enter
• Use --dry-run if available
• Script complex deletions and review them before execution

Verify Targets Before Deletion

To avoid deleting essential packages or files, always verify targets in advance.

• Check package status:

  dpkg -l | grep package-name
  

• Check file existence:

  ls -l filename
  

• Preview packages to be removed by APT:

  sudo apt remove package-name --dry-run
  

Use GUI Tools if Unsure

If you are not comfortable with the terminal, using GUI tools such as Ubuntu Software Center can help reduce mistakes by providing visual confirmation.

Check System Status After Removal

After uninstalling, clean up dependencies and check disk space.

• Remove unused packages:

  sudo apt autoremove
  

• Check disk usage:

  df -h
  

7. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Although Ubuntu uninstall operations appear simple, many users have questions during actual use. Below are common questions and answers.

Q1. What is the difference between apt remove and apt purge?

A.
apt remove removes only the package, leaving configuration files. apt purge removes both the package and its configuration files completely.

Q2. What should I be careful about when using rm -rf?

A.
rm -rf deletes files and directories permanently without confirmation. Always verify the target with ls and avoid using sudo unless absolutely necessary.

Q3. How can I remove unnecessary dependency packages at once?

A.
After uninstalling software with APT, run:

sudo apt autoremove

This safely removes packages that are no longer required.

Q4. How do I fix the “Unable to locate package” error?

A.
Try the following steps:

1. Check for spelling errors in the package name
2. Update the package list:

   sudo apt update
   

3. If you are using an old Ubuntu version, consider upgrading, as repositories may no longer be available

Q5. How can I tell if software was installed via Snap?

A.
List installed Snap packages with:

snap list

Packages shown here were installed via Snap and must be removed using sudo snap remove package-name.